{"id":501,"date":"2022-10-15T08:34:54","date_gmt":"2022-10-15T08:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/?page_id=501"},"modified":"2023-03-27T10:40:31","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T10:40:31","slug":"apophenia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/apophenia\/","title":{"rendered":"Apophenia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Apophenia (\/\u00e6po\u028a\u02c8fi\u02d0ni\u0259\/) is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. The term (German: Apoph\u00e4nie from the Greek verb \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (apopha\u00ednein)) was coined by psychiatrist Klaus Conrad in his 1958 publication on the beginning stages of schizophrenia. He defined it as &#8220;unmotivated seeing of connections [accompanied by] a specific feeling of abnormal meaningfulness&#8221;. He described the early stages of delusional thought as self-referential over-interpretations of actual sensory perceptions, as opposed to hallucinations. Apophenia has also come to describe a human propensity to unreasonably seek patterns in random information.<br \/>\n \n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Cognitive Biases, Pareidolia and Apophenia - 20m Lightning Talk\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/A4fBLUqwl5s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_506\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-506\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-506 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg 200w, https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Martian_face_viking_cropped-14x12.jpg 14w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-506\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201eMarsgesicht\u201c, aufgenommen vom Orbiter von Viking 1, 1976. Die schwarzen Punkte, wie zum Beispiel das \u201eNasenloch\u201c, sind Bild\u00fcbertragungsfehler.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_509\" style=\"width: 309px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-509\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-509 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Area_Cydonia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"221\" srcset=\"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Area_Cydonia.jpg 299w, https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Area_Cydonia-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 299px) 100vw, 299px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-509\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Relief der Cydonia-Region; oben das \u201eMarsgesicht\u201c, darunter die \u201ePyramiden\u201c .<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Buetow, S.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia, unconscious bias and reflexivity in nursing qualitative research<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">International Journal of Nursing Studies<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.013<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.09.013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-1\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-1-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cNurses routinely engage in pattern recognition and interpretation in qualitative research and clinical practice. however, they risk spontaneously perceiving patterns among things that are not meaningfully related. although all people are prone to this cognitive bias of \u2018apophenia\u2019, nurses may be at increased risk because they commonly produce or at least use qualitative research that can be highly interpretive. qualitative researchers have been silent on the risk of apophenia and hence on exploring how attention to apophenia could help to indicate and manage such unconscious biases. therefore this conceptual paper suggests how, in disciplines like nursing, researchers could attend to and use reflexivity on signs of possible apophenia to help bring unconscious biases to awareness. within safe communities of professional practice, the researchers could cooperate with trusted peers to reflect on how and why they may each perceive patterned phenomena from different perspectives. if one reason is that the researchers, for example, appear to exhibit particular unconscious biases, then dialogue could help them to become aware of, and reflect on the biases. this expansion of researchers\u2019 consciousness of bias could inform the management of apophenia and enhance the quality of qualitative research and modern nursing practice.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Blain, S. D., Longenecker, J. M., Grazioplene, R. G., Klimes-Dougan, B., &amp; DeYoung, C. G.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia as the disposition to false positives: A unifying framework for openness and psychoticism<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037\/abn0000504<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1037\/abn0000504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-2\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-2-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cPositive symptoms of schizophrenia and its extended phenotype-often termed psychoticism or positive schizotypy-are characterized by the inclusion of novel, erroneous mental contents. one promising framework for explaining positive symptoms involves apophenia, conceptualized here as a disposition toward false-positive errors. apophenia and positive symptoms have shown relations to openness to experience (more specifically, to the openness aspect of the broader openness\/intellect domain), and all of these constructs involve tendencies toward pattern seeking. nonetheless, few studies have investigated the relations between psychoticism and non-self-report indicators of apophenia, let alone the role of normal personality variation. the current research used structural equation models to test associations between psychoticism, openness, intelligence, and non-self-report indicators of apophenia comprising false-positive error rates on a variety of computerized tasks. in sample 1, 1,193 participants completed digit identification, theory of mind, and emotion recognition tasks. in sample 2, 195 participants completed auditory signal detection and semantic word association tasks. psychoticism and the openness aspect were positively correlated. self-reported psychoticism, openness, and their shared variance were positively associated with apophenia, as indexed by false-positive error rates, whether or not intelligence was controlled for. apophenia was not associated with other personality traits, and openness and psychoticism were not associated with false-negative errors. findings provide insights into the measurement of apophenia and its relation to personality and psychopathology. apophenia and pattern seeking may be promising constructs for unifying the openness aspect of personality with the psychosis spectrum and for providing an explanation of positive symptoms. results are discussed in the context of possible adaptive characteristics of apophenia as well as potential risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders. (psycinfo database record (c) 2020 apa, all rights reserved).\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Romain, C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2018<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Temes de Disseny<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.46467\/tdd34.2018.74-79<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46467\/tdd34.2018.74-79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.46467\/tdd34.2018.74-79\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-3\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-3-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe apophenia project raises curiosity and challenges the way we perceive certain objects that form part of our daily life. to do so, perception is altered through several experimental processes. the idea is to decontextualize the materials, creating different emotions and reconsidering their value, and to guess the origin of the materials, textures, forms and colours we thought we have always known. ultimately, the purpose of the project is to stimulate people\u2019s imagination, inviting them to examine their relationship with daily, intimate objects, thus encouraging reflection. the outcomes will attest to the designer\u2019s intention to question the known applications of the materials, crafts and techniques, thus finding new ways of improving our daily surroundings.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Ellerby, Z. W., &amp; Tunney, R. J.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2017<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">The effects of heuristics and apophenia on probabilistic choice<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Advances in Cognitive Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.5709\/acp-0228-9<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/acp-0228-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.5709\/acp-0228-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-4\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-4-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-4-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-4-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cGiven a repeated choice between two or more options with independent and identically distributed reward probabilities, overall pay-offs can be maximized by the exclusive selection of the option with the greatest likelihood of reward. the tendency to match response proportions to reward contingencies is suboptimal. nevertheless, this behaviour is well documented. a number of explanatory accounts have been proposed for probability matching. these include failed pattern matching, driven by apophenia, and a heuristic-driven response that can be overruled with sufficient deliberation. we report two experiments that were designed to test the relative effects on choice behaviour of both an intuitive versus strategic approach to the task and belief that there was a predictable pattern in the reward sequence, through a combination of both direct experimental manipulation and post-experimental self-report. mediation analysis was used to model the pathways of effects. neither of two attempted experimental manipulations of apophenia, nor self-reported levels of apophenia, had a significant effect on proportions of maximizing choices. however, the use of strategy over intuition proved a consistent predictor of maximizing, across all experimental conditions. a parallel analysis was conducted to assess the effect of controlling for individual variance in perceptions of reward contingencies. although this analysis suggested that apophenia did increase probability matching in the standard task preparation, this effect was found to result from an unforeseen relationship between self-reported apophenia and perceived reward probabilities. a win-stay lose-shift (wsls) analysis indicated no reliable relationship between wsls and either intuition or strategy use.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Bainbridge, T. F., Quinlan, J. A., Mar, R. A., &amp; Smillie, L. D.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Openness\/Intellect and Susceptibility to Pseudo-Profound Bullshit: A Replication and Extension<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">European Journal of Personality<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002\/per.2176<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.2176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1002\/per.2176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-5\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-5-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-5-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-5-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201c\u2018Pseudo-profound bullshit\u2019 (ppbs) is a class of meaningless statements designed to appear profound. profundity ratings for ppbs have been found to be negatively related to analytical thinking and positively related to epistemically suspect beliefs (e.g. belief in the paranormal). conceptually similar traits within the openness\/intellect (o\/i) domain form a simplex, whereby traits are arranged along a single dimension from intelligence to apophenia (i.e. observing patterns or causal connections were none exist). across two studies (total n = 297), we attempted to replicate the o\/i simplex and determine how it relates to perceiving ppbs as profound. participants completed questionnaires measuring traits from the o\/i simplex and provided profundity ratings for ppbs. profundity ratings of ppbs tended to correlate negatively with intelligence and positively with apophenia. the association with intelligence generally reflected a greater ability to discriminate the profound from the pseudo-profound, whereas the association with apophenia reflected poorer discrimination in study 1, with less conclusive results in study 2. in both studies, the o\/i simplex was closely replicated. the results suggest a link between the o\/i domain and perceiving ppbs as profound and tentatively support the theory that intelligence may protect against apophenia. \u00a9 2018 european association of personality psychology.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">DeYoung, C. G., Grazioplene, R. G., &amp; Peterson, J. B.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2012<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">From madness to genius: The Openness\/Intellect trait domain as a paradoxical simplex<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Research in Personality<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.12.003<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.12.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2011.12.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-6\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-6-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-6-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-6-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cA novel theory of openness\/intellect is proposed, which integrates intelligence and positive schizotypy (or apophenia, false detection of patterns or causal connections) within the big five. openness\/intellect comprises a simplex of subtraits arrayed along a single scaling dimension. openness traits fall in one half of the simplex, bounded by apophenia; intellect traits fall in the other half, bounded by intelligence. the simplex is paradoxical because intelligence and apophenia are negatively correlated despite both loading positively on the general openness\/intellect factor. the model was supported in two samples and organizes theories of (1) the relation of intelligence and schizotypy to personality, (2) the psychological and biological mechanisms involved in openness\/intellect, and (3) the costs and benefits of openness, proximally and evolutionarily. \u00a9 2011 elsevier inc..\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Fyfe, S., Williams, C., Mason, O. J., &amp; Pickup, G. J.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2008<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia, theory of mind and schizotypy: Perceiving meaning and intentionality in randomness<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Cortex<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.07.009<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.07.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2007.07.009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-7\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-7-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-7-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-7-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cImpaired ability to correctly infer others\u2019 mental states (\u2018theory of mind\u2019 &#8211; tom) and the tendency to perceive meaning in unrelated events (&#8216;apophenia\u2019) have been implicated in vulnerability to schizophrenia. sixty-three healthy participants completed three experimental tasks that provided indices of tom and apophenia. the first task (contingency) required participants to rate the strength of relationship between the movements of two shapes; in some conditions the movements were unrelated, in others the movement of one shape was contingent on that of the other. in the second task (stories), participants answered questions on short stories with \u2018random\u2019, \u2018physical\u2019 or \u2018tom\u2019 themes. the third task (triangles) required participants to view and then describe the movement of triangles on a computer screen in \u2018random\u2019, \u2018physical\u2019 and \u2018tom\u2019 conditions. participants completed questionnaire measures of psychosis-proneness (the schizotypal personality scale &#8211; sta) and delusional thinking style (peters et al. delusions inventory &#8211; pdi-21). little evidence was found on any of the tasks for an association between a specific deficit in tom accuracy and any aspect of psychosis-proneness. on the triangles task, schizotypal and delusion-prone participants spontaneously reported perceiving a greater number of associations in the random condition (apophenia). on both the triangles and contingency tasks, over-mentalizing was found to be associated with delusional thinking but not with general schizotypy. we speculate that over-mentalizing may be underpinned by a hyper-associative cognitive style, linked to an exaggeration of the normal human tendency to attribute mental states, rather than to dysfunction in the assessment of causality. perceiving meaning in randomness and, more particularly, attributing mental states where none are indicated, may be important factors in the formation of paranormal and delusional beliefs. \u00a9 2008 elsevier srl. all rights reserved.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"reftitle\">Supplemental Material for Apophenia as the Disposition to False Positives: A Unifying Framework for Openness and Psychoticism<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Abnormal Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037\/abn0000504.supp<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000504.supp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1037\/abn0000504.supp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-8\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-8-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-8-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-8-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cPositive symptoms of schizophrenia and its extended phenotype\u2014often termed psychoticism or positive schizotypy\u2014are characterized by the inclusion of novel, erroneous mental contents. one promising framework for explaining positive symptoms involves \u2018apophenia,\u2019 conceptualized here as a disposition toward false positive errors. apophenia and positive symptoms have shown relations to openness to experience (more specifically, to the openness aspect of the broader openness\/intellect domain), and all of these constructs involve tendencies toward pattern seeking. nonetheless, few studies have investigated the relations between psychoticism and non-self-report indicators of apophenia, let alone the role of normal personality variation. the current research used structural equation models to test associations between psychoticism, openness, intelligence, and non-self-report indicators of apophenia comprising false positive error rates on a variety of computerized tasks. in sample 1, 1193 participants completed digit identification, theory of mind, and emotion recognition tasks. in sample 2, 195 participants completed auditory signal detection and semantic word association tasks. psychoticism and the openness aspect were positively correlated. self-reported psychoticism, openness, and their shared variance were positively associated with apophenia, as indexed by false positive error rates, whether or not intelligence was controlled for. apophenia was not associated with other personality traits, and openness and psychoticism were not associated with false negative errors. findings provide insights into the measurement of apophenia and its relation to personality and psychopathology. apophenia and pattern seeking may be promising constructs for unifying the openness aspect of personality with the psychosis spectrum and for providing an explanation of positive symptoms. results are discussed in the context of possible adaptive characteristics of apophenia, as well as potential risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Goldfarb, B., &amp; King, A. A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2016<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Scientific apophenia in strategic management research: Significance tests &amp; mistaken inference<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Strategic Management Journal<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002\/smj.2459<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1002\/smj.2459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-9\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-9-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-9-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-9-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cResearch summary: this article uses distributional matching and posterior predictive checks to estimate the extent of false and inflated findings in empirical research on strategic management. based on a sample of 300 papers in top outlets for research on strategic management, we estimate that if each study were repeated, 24-40 percent of significant coefficients would become insignificant at the five percent level. our best guess is that for about half of these, the true coefficient is very close to 0. the remaining coefficients are likely directionally correct but inflated in magnitude. we offer several practical individual and field level suggestions for reducing scientific apophenia, that is, our tendency to find and publish evidence of order where none exists. managerial summary: this article analyzes the degree to which statistics in research on strategic management provide meaningful evidence for decision-making. based on a sample of 300 papers, we estimate that 24%-40% of reported results would probably not be confirmed if the study were repeated. our best guess is that about half of the reported results are wrong (ba = 0) and the other half of results too weak to find repeatedly. we conclude that scientific apophenia &#8211; the tendency to find evidence of order where none exists &#8211; is a serious problem in the literature on strategic management. we recommend replication of empirical studies to insure that they provide evidence for guiding managers. we also provide guidance for avoiding scientific apophenia in empirical research.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Hanson, N. A., Lavallee, M. B., &amp; Thiele, R. H.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia and anesthesia: how we sometimes change our practice prematurely<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Canadian Journal of Anesthesia<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007\/s12630-021-02005-2<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-021-02005-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1007\/s12630-021-02005-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-10\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-10-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-10-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-10-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cHuman beings are predisposed to identifying false patterns in statistical noise, a likely survival advantage during our evolutionary development. moreover, humans seem to prefer \u2018positive\u2019 results over \u2018negative\u2019 ones. these two cognitive features lay a framework for premature adoption of falsely positive studies. added to this predisposition is the tendency of journals to \u2018overbid\u2019 for exciting or newsworthy manuscripts, incentives in both the academic and publishing industries that value change over truth and scientific rigour, and a growing dependence on complex statistical techniques that some reviewers do not understand. the purpose of this article is to describe the underlying causes of premature adoption and provide recommendations that may improve the quality of published science.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Bokhorov, K. Y.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Algorithmic Apophenia and Aestheticization of Data<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Art &amp; Culture Studies<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.51678\/2226-0072-2021-3-242-255<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51678\/2226-0072-2021-3-242-255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.51678\/2226-0072-2021-3-242-255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-11\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-11-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-11-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-11-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe article suggests taking a look at the artistic development of \u2018artificial intelligence\u2019 not in the aspect of its humanization and challenge to humanism, but as a tool for processing data, the number of which and the features technically exceed the capabilities of human understanding. the influence of dataism on culture is considered. the article analyzes the works of contemporary artists (mario klingemann, zach blas, etc.) working with the phenomenon of \u2018algorithmic apophenia\u2019. the thesis is considered that the transformation of data into information in computer neural networks is methodologically comparable to the creative approaches of modernist artists, which allows us to reach a new level of artis-r tic reflection in the culture that conditioned by machine civilization. critical and reflexive models of apophenia in contemporary art are collided.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Paul, S. T., Monda, S., Olausson, S. M., &amp; Reed-Daley, B.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2014<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Effects of apophenia on multiple-choice exam performance<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">SAGE Open<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177\/2158244014556628<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244014556628\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1177\/2158244014556628\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-12\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-12-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-12-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-12-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThere is a broad literature on the various issues related to effective exam construction applicable to both on-ground and online course delivery. these guidelines tend to support rather close contact between the instructor and the exam. however, to remain competitive, both textbook and course management providers have developed technologies to automate many aspects of exam construction. as test construction becomes automated, the possibility of inadvertently deviating from demonstrated or intuitive guidelines increases. two experiments were conducted to examine the degree to which apophenia (perceiving patterns in random data) might negatively influence multiple-choice exam performance among college students. experiment 1 indirectly demonstrated the extent to which certain answer patterns seemed to be tolerated among students (maximum of three repeated answers) in comparison with what might be expected from randomly generated exams from blackboard. experiment 2 directly examined the effects of answer patterns on exam performance. participants\u2019 performance declined as the underlying answer patterns became more obvious, and this effect appeared to be particularly strong for the upper level psychology students. the importance and implications of these findings with regard to automated test construction were discussed, and a recommendation is provided.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Jones, P. M., &amp; Martin, J.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Increasing the reproducibility of research will reduce the problem of apophenia (and more)<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Canadian Journal of Anesthesia<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007\/s12630-021-02006-1<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12630-021-02006-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1007\/s12630-021-02006-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Guliciuc, V.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2018<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Pareidolic and uncomplex technological singularity<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Information (Switzerland)<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390\/info9120309<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info9120309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.3390\/info9120309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-13\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-13-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-13-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-13-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201c\u2018Technological singularity\u2019 (ts), \u2018accelerated change\u2019 (ac), and artificial general intelligence (agi) are frequent future\/foresight studies\u2019 themes. rejecting the reductionist perspective on the evolution of science and technology, and based on patternicity (\u2018the tendency to find patterns in meaningless noise\u2019), a discussion about the perverse power of apophenia (\u2018the tendency to perceive a connection or meaningful pattern between unrelated or random things (such as objects or ideas)\u2019) and pereidolia (\u2018the tendency to perceive a specific, often meaningful image in a random or ambiguous visual pattern\u2019) in those studies is the starting point for two claims: the \u2018accelerated change\u2019 is a future-related apophenia case, whereas agi (and ts) are future-related pareidolia cases. a short presentation of research-focused social networks working to solve complex problems reveals the superiority of human networked minds over the hardware-software systems and suggests the opportunity for a network-based study of ts (and agi) from a complexity perspective. it could compensate for the weaknesses of approaches deployed from a linear and predictable perspective, in order to try to redesign our intelligent artifacts.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Papasavva, A., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Zannettou, S., &amp; de Cristofaro, E.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Is it a qoincidence?: A first step towards understanding and characterizing the qanon movement on Voat.co<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">ArXiv<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-14\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-14-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-14-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-14-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cConspiracy theories, and suspicion in general, define us as human beings. our suspicion and tendency to create conspiracy theories have always been with the human race, powered by our evolutionary drive to survive. although this evolutionary drive to survive is helpful, it can often become extreme and lead to \u2018apophenia.\u2019 apophenia refers to the notion of connecting previously unconnected ideas and theories. unlike learning, apophenia refers to a cognitive, paranoid disorder due to the unreality of the connections they make. social networks allow people to connect in many ways. besides communicating with a distant family member and sharing funny memes with friends, people also use social networks to share their paranoid, unrealistic ideas that may cause panic, harm democracies, and gather other unsuspecting followers. in this work, we focus on characterizing the qanon movement on voat.co. qanon is a conspiracy theory that supports the idea that powerful politicians, aristocrats, and celebrities are closely engaged in a pedophile ring. at the same time, many governments are controlled by the \u2018puppet masters\u2019 where the democratically elected officials serve as a fake showroom of democracy. voat, a 5-year-old news aggregator, captured the interest of many journalists because of the often hateful content its users\u2019 post. hence, we collect data from seventeen qanon related subverses to characterize the narrative around qanon, detect the most prominent topics of discussion, and showcase how the different topics and terms used in qanon related subverses are interconnected.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Meschiari, M.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2009<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Roots of the savage mind: apophenia and imagination as cognitive process<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Quaderni Di Semantica: Rivista Internazionale Di Semantica Teorica e Applicata<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-15\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-15-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-15-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-15-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cMeschiari, m. (2009). roots of the savage mind. apophenia and imagination as cognitive process. quaderni di semantica: rivista internazionale di semantica teorica e applicata, 30(2), 183-262.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Di Stefano, G., &amp; Gutierrez, C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Under a magnifying glass: On the use of experiments in strategy research<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Strategic Organization<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177\/1476127018803840<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1476127018803840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1177\/1476127018803840\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-16\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-16-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-16-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-16-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe rate at which experimental studies are published in the field of strategy has steadily increased over the past few years. still, experimental papers account for only a small fraction of strategy papers. this may not come as a surprise given the skepticism surrounding the experimental method, which is often seen as uninterested in establishing external validity, and too \u2018micro\u2019 for a field in which the level of analysis is primarily organizational and inter-organizational. is this skepticism founded? to what extent can experiments be a useful tool for strategy research? to answer this question, we start by examining experimental strategy papers published between 1980 and 2016. results from the analysis alleviate doubts about the suitability of experimental methods for the study of questions of strategic interest to firms. we next discuss the main advantages associated with the use of experiments and why they make strategy an exciting field in which to be an experimentalist today.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., &amp; Jelicic, M.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Psychopathological significance of fantasy proneness as measured by the Creative Experiences Questionnaire: A meta-analysis<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-17\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-17-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-17-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-17-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cBACKGROUND fantasy proneness has been linked to dissociative symptoms and adverse childhood experiences. aim to review and meta-analyze the empirical literature on fantasy proneness (as indexed by the creative experiences questionnaire) that appeared between 2000 and 2018. method we searched google scholar to identify relevant papers and subjected them to inspection. in doing so, we specifically looked at correlations between fantasy proneness, on the one hand, and dissociative symptoms, magical ideation, depression, anxiety, trauma, and susceptibility to false memories, on the other hand. correlations were weighted using the hunter-schmidt approach. results we identified 97 studies that together included 16.999 research participants. fantasy proneness strongly correlated with both dissociative symptoms and magical ideation. the association of fantasy proneness with depression and anomalistic was moderate. its association with trauma and anxiety was small, albeit significant, and much the same was true for false memories. conclusion the psychopathological relevance of fantasy proneness is broader than just dissociative symptoms. the modest correlation between trauma and fantasy proneness suggests that, apart from trauma, other causal antecedents of fantasy proneness exist. what fantasy proneness, dissociation, and magical ideation have in common is that they are manifestations of apophenia, i.e., the tendency to overinterpret reality.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\">\n<p><span class=\"refauthors\">Klein, L. W.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2018<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">The Apophenia of Interventional Cardiology<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Invasive Cardiology<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Blain, S., Grazioplene, R., Julia, L., Ma, Y., Udochi, A., Klimes-Dougan, B., &amp; DeYoung, C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">PERSONALITY AND NEUROCOGNITIVE CORRELATES OF PSYCHOTIC-LIKE EXPERIENCES&#8230;Schizophrenia International Research Society (SIRS) 2020 Congress<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Schizophrenia Bulletin<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-18\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-18-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-18-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-18-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cBackground: positive symptoms of schizophrenia and its extended phenotype\u2014schizotypy\u2014are characterized by the inclusion of novel, erroneous mental contents. these positive symptoms occur across those with a variety of diagnoses, including schizophrenia, personality disorders, and depression and bipolar with psychotic features. one promising transdiagnostic framework for explaining positive symptoms involves \u2018apophenia,\u2019 or the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns where none, in fact, exist. though hallucinations and delusions represent extreme instances of apophenia, it also occurs throughout the population and can include any instance of a false positive cognition, including such benign occurrences as seeing animals in the clouds or hearing your name in noise. importantly, apophenia may be the result of heightened pattern seeking in both perception and belief, a tendency that is, along with apophenia and positive schizotypy, positively associated with the personality trait openness to experience. we propose that pattern detection and associated personality and psychopathological traits are, in turn, underlaid by neural networks associated with experiential simulation and cognitive control, specifically, the default and frontoparietal networks. both of these networks have been implicated in research on psychosis, schizotypy, and openness. methods: despite consistently demonstrated associations among openness, positive schizotypy, and apophenia, few studies have investigated relations between schizotypy and behavioral manifestations of apophenia, let alone the role of normative personality variation or underlying neural substrates. to investigate these associations, we conducted a series of studies (total n &gt; 3000) using self-report questionnaires, behavioral indicators of pattern detection sensitivity, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri). results: across samples, robust positive associations were found among openness, positive schizotypy, and psychotic-like experiences. in turn, all three of these traits were positively associated with general tendencies toward false positive errors, including perceiving social intentions or emotions when none were present, detecting letters in distractor shapes and speech in noise, and picking up on semantic associations between unrelated words. results using resting state functional mri data suggested positive schizotypy, openness, and especially their shared variance, were related positively to conne\u2026\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Goldfarb, B. D., &amp; King, A. A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2013<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Scientific Apophenia in Strategic Management Research<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">SSRN Electronic Journal<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.2139\/ssrn.2337682<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2337682\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.2139\/ssrn.2337682\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-19\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-19-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-19-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-19-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cFrancis bacon, pioneer of the scientific method, noted in one of his aphorisms that \u2018human understanding is of its own nature prone to suppose the existence of more order and regularity in the world than it finds.\u2019 in this paper, we evaluate the extent to which this tendency encourages scholars to publish erroneous or inflated results in top outlets for strategy research. we provide suggestions for reducing mistaken inference.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Tagami, U., &amp; Imaizumi, S.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">No Correlation Between Perception of Meaning and Positive Schizotypy in a Female College Sample<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Frontiers in Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01323<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01323\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-20\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-20-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-20-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-20-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cWe visually perceive meaning from stimuli in the external world. there are inter-individual variations in the perception of meaning. a candidate factor to explain this variation is positive schizotypy, which is a personality analogous to positive symptoms of schizophrenia (e.g., visual hallucination). the present study investigated the relationship between positive schizotypy, and the perception of meaning derived from meaningful and meaningless visual stimuli. positive schizotypy in japanese female undergraduates (n = 35) was assessed by the cognitive-perceptual dimension of the schizotypal personality questionnaire. the participants were asked to report what they saw in noise-degraded images of meaningful objects (experiment 1) and to respond whether the objects were meaningful (experiment 2a) and which paired objects were meaningful (experiment 2b). positive schizotypy (i.e., cognitive-perceptual score) did not correlate with time to detect meaningful objects, and with false-alarm rates, sensitivity, and response criterion in the perception of meaning from meaningful and meaningless stimuli. these results were against our hypothesis and contradicted previous findings. the inconsistencies are discussed in terms of different methods (e.g., stimulus category) and conditions (e.g., paranormal beliefs).\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Hannah, M. N.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">A Conspiracy of Data: QAnon, Social Media, and Information Visualization<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Social Media and Society<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177\/20563051211036064<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20563051211036064\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1177\/20563051211036064\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-21\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-21-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-21-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-21-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cSeeing is believing, so goes the clich\u00e9. in our extremely online world, the particular nexus between visual information and political belief has become one of the thorniest challenges to truth. we live in an extremely visual world in which we navigate social media, search engines, platforms, interfaces, icons, memes, and smartphones. despite the fact that we navigate visual information at an astounding rate, we have not nationally developed literacies to debunk bad information. i argue that we are witnessing a confluence between extremely online, crowd-sourced conspiracies, whose adherents possess a high capacity for online information gathering, and visualization, meant to communicate data about our world effectively and accurately through optical means which has been co-opted for information warfare. deploying such informatics further legitimates bizarre, unhinged theories about political reality. qanon, the extremely online conspiracy theory that has cast its shadow over the internet, relies exclusively on information visualization to communicate its message and is symptomatic of our inability to combat misinformation that mimics the methods of data analysis and information literacy. i argue that qanon\u2019s success\u2014indeed, its very existence\u2014relies on (at least) two principal factors: (1) qanon relies, intentionally or no, on a slippage between data and information that obscures the interventions by q and q\u2019s anons in leveraging information warfare, and (2) qanon supports such a slippage with complex and interactive visualizations of bad information, thereby accelerating apophenia, the tendency to see linkages between random events and data points.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">S\u00e1nchez, D. H.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Present-tense antropology. Tom mccarthy and the pattern recognition<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Revista de Filosofia (Venezuela)<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.5527342<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.5527342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.5281\/zenodo.5527342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-22\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-22-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-22-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-22-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe protagonist of satin island (2015), a novel by british writer, essayist and artist tom mccarthy, is a business anthropologist who is commissioned to generate a strange global report that \u2018explains everything\u2019. satin island, thus, is a sort of tristes tropiques of our time where the protagonist becomes a l\u00e9vi-strauss 2.0 and his work an \u2018present-tense antropology\u2019. based on this starting point, the novel gradually takes the form of an investigation on narratives and stories, on trends and ways of managing the tastes of contemporary society, which, in turn, connects in an explicit way with the artistic, aesthetic and literary theories of tom mccarthy, close to the proposals of authors such as simon critchley or hito steyerl. in such theories, pattern recognition, apophenia and communication problems become fundamental keys to a political aesthetics. this article starts from mccarthy\u2019s artistic and narrative theories to answer a concrete question: what is the place of art and the human in a reality dom-inated by pattern recognition.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Kazemzadeh, M.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2012<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenoetics: Virtual pattern recognition, the origins of creativity and augmenting the evolution of self<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Technoetic Arts<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1386\/tear.10.1.115_1<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1386\/tear.10.1.115_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1386\/tear.10.1.115_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-23\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-23-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-23-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-23-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cSignificance appears as an alignment of stimuli, from a sea of randomly and methodically inputted or stored content into what we might call patterns in the mind. what klaus conrad refers to as apophenia, micheal shermer as patternicity and jung as synchronicity, significance serves as synaptic moments recognizing formal elements of a thought, in many cases as individualized personal and possibly ethnocentric experience packets in the mind that have some significance to us. finding significance in something, or associative significance between things, can lead to some interesting and poetic creative forms of expression, for authors such as august strindberg or peter watts. new ideas form in the mind from some origin. apophenia, patternic-ity and synchronicity pose some interesting models for how the mind might process information not originating through the senses alone. integrating the terms apophe-nia and \u2018noetics\u2019, this article will seek to define apophenoetics as the process and study of the way that patterns form and are processed and decoded in the mind from the sea of random content, virtual imagery and history (past\/present\/future), without the immediate influence of external stimuli, and could serve as a model for creativity, spiritual transcendence and connecting emotionally with others. \u00a9 2012 intellect ltd article.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Wickham, H., Cook, D., Hofmann, H., &amp; Buja, A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2010<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Graphical inference for infovis<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109\/TVCG.2010.161<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TVCG.2010.161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1109\/TVCG.2010.161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-24\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-24-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-24-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-24-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cHow do we know if what we see is really there? when visualizing data, how do we avoid falling into the trap of apophenia where we see patterns in random noise? traditionally, infovis has been concerned with discovering new relationships, and statistics with preventing spurious relationships from being reported. we pull these opposing poles closer with two new techniques for rigorous statistical inference of visual discoveries. the \u2018rorschach\u2019 helps the analyst calibrate their understanding of uncertainty and \u2018line-up\u2019 provides a protocol for assessing the significance of visual discoveries, protecting against the discovery of spurious structure. \u00a9 2006 ieee.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Shadrova, A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Topic models do not model topics: epistemological remarks and steps towards best practices<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Data Mining &amp; Digital Humanities<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.46298\/jdmdh.7595<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46298\/jdmdh.7595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.46298\/jdmdh.7595\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-25\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-25-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-25-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-25-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe social sciences and digital humanities have recently adopted the machine learning technique of topic modeling to address research questions in their fields. this is problematic in a number of ways, some of which have not received much attention in the debate yet. this paper adds epistemological concerns centering around the interface between topic modeling and linguistic concepts and the argumentative embedding of evidence obtained through topic modeling. it concludes that topic modeling in its present state of methodological integration does not meet the requirements of an independent research method. it operates from relevantly unrealistic assumptions, is non-deterministic, cannot effectively be validated against a reasonable number of competing models, does not lock into a well-defined linguistic interface, and does not scholarly model topics in the sense of themes or content. these features are intrinsic and make the interpretation of its results prone to apophenia (the human tendency to perceive random sets of elements as meaningful patterns) and confirmation bias (the human tendency to perceptually prefer patterns that are in alignment with pre-existing biases). while partial validation of the statistical model is possible, a conceptual validation would require an extended triangulation with other methods and human ratings, and clarification of whether statistical distinctivity of lexical co-occurrence correlates with conceputal topics in any reliable way.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Sultan, A. S., &amp; Jessri, M.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Pathology is Always Around Us: Apophenia in Pathology, a Remarkable Unreported Phenomenon<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Diseases<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390\/diseases7040054<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diseases7040054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.3390\/diseases7040054\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-26\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-26-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-26-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-26-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cPeople often wonder, \u201cHow do pathologists identify the patterns that lead to a diagnosis [&#8230;]\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Rominger, C., Fink, A., Weiss, E. M., Schulter, G., Perchtold, C. M., &amp; Papousek, I.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">The propensity to perceive meaningful coincidences is associated with increased posterior alpha power during retention of information in a modified Sternberg paradigm<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Consciousness and Cognition<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.concog.2019.102832<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2019.102832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.concog.2019.102832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-27\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-27-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-27-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-27-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThere are ample inter-individual differences in the frequency with which people perceive meaningful coincidences. previous research has identified increased proactive interference, that is a reduced working memory capacity, as one possible mechanism associated with this phenomenon. the present study aimed at extending this finding into the domain of neuroscience, (1) by assessing eeg alpha oscillations during the retention of information, (2) by replicating the behavioral link between meaningful coincidences and proactive interference. in a sample of 52 participants, the behavioral replication was successful. furthermore, participants who perceived more meaningful coincidences showed higher alpha power increases at parietal-occipital sites, and at the same time, displayed lower alpha power increases at frontal areas, during retention of information. this neurophysiological activation pattern further underlines the assumption that participants who perceive more meaningful coincidences show lower working memory capacities, since increased alpha power at parietal areas reflects a higher load on working memory demands.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Sweitzer, N. K.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2018<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia and the Crafting of a Circulation: Heart Failure Issue<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Circulation. Heart Failure<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005027<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Dietrich, E., &amp; Fields, C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2015<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Science Generates Limit Paradoxes<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Axiomathes<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007\/s10516-015-9267-x<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10516-015-9267-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1007\/s10516-015-9267-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-28\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-28-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-28-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-28-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe sciences occasionally generate discoveries that undermine their own assumptions. two such discoveries are characterized here: the discovery of apophenia by cognitive psychology and the discovery that physical systems cannot be locally bounded within quantum theory. it is shown that such discoveries have a common structure and that this common structure is an instance of priest\u2019s well-known inclosure schema. this demonstrates that science itself is dialetheic: it generates limit paradoxes. how science proceeds despite this fact is briefly discussed, as is the connection between our results and the realism-antirealism debate. we conclude by suggesting a position of epistemic modesty.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Rominger, C., Schulter, G., Fink, A., Weiss, E. M., &amp; Papousek, I.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2018<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Meaning in meaninglessness: The propensity to perceive meaningful patterns in coincident events and randomly arranged stimuli is linked to enhanced attention in early sensory processing<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Psychiatry Research<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.043<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.043\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.043\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-29\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-29-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-29-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-29-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cPerception of objectively independent events or stimuli as being significantly connected and the associated proneness to perceive meaningful patterns constitute part of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which are associated with altered attentional processes in lateralized speech perception. since perceiving meaningful patterns is to some extent already prevalent in the general population, the aim of the study was to investigate whether the propensity to experience meaningful patterns in co-occurring events and random stimuli may be associated with similar altered attentional processes in lateralized speech perception. self-reported and behavioral indicators of the perception of meaningful patterns were assessed in non-clinical individuals, along with eeg auditory evoked potentials during the performance of an attention related lateralized speech perception task (dichotic listening test). a greater propensity to perceive meaningful patterns was associated with higher n1 amplitudes of the evoked potentials to the onset of the dichotically presented consonant-vowel syllables, indicating enhanced automatic attention in early sensory processing. the study suggests that more basic mechanisms in how people associate events may play a greater role in the cognitive biases that are manifest in personality expressions such as positive schizotypy, rather than that positive schizotypy moderates these cognitive biases directly.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Hobbs, D.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Faces in the clouds: criminology, epochalism, apophenia and transnational organized crime<\/span>. In A Research Agenda for Global Crime<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.4337\/9781786438676.00008<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781786438676.00008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.4337\/9781786438676.00008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-30\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-30-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-30-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-30-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cTransnational organized crime is a construct that has emerged from a specific set of converging political economic forces. yet it is rarely critically interrogated. criminology, with few exceptions, sees it as an identifiable malady to be extinguished by the heroic efforts of administrative criminology. this chapter proceeds to critique the tendency towards epochalism in the study of organized crime and suggests that to overplay the notion of organization is a symptom of apophenia, the human tendency to seek patterns in random information. by focusing on the british experience, accessed through a series of conversations that the author carried out with veteran london-based criminals, it is hoped that a more nuanced view of organized crime might be established.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Franceschi, P.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2010<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">A Logical Defence of Maher\u2019s Model of Polythematic Delusions<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Philosophical Research<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-31\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-31-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-31-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-31-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cWe proceed to describe a model for the formation and maintenance of polythematic delusions encountered in schizophrenia, which is in adequacy with brendan maher\u2019s account of delusions. polythematic delusions are considered here as the conclusions of arguments triggered by apophenia that include some very common errors of reasoning such as post hoc fallacy and confirmation bias. we describe first the structure of reasoning which leads to delusions of reference, of telepathy and of influence, by distinguishing between the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary types of delusional arguments. these four levels of arguments correspond to a stage the nature of which is respectively instantial, inductive, interpretative at a monothematic level and interpretative at a polythematic level. we also proceed to identify accurately the fallacious steps in the corresponding reasoning. we expose then the role of apophenia in the elaboration of delusional ideas. lastly, we describe the role played by the hallucinations in the present model.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Boyer, M. M., &amp; Owadally, I.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2015<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Underwriting apophenia and cryptids: Are cycles statistical figments of our imagination?<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and Practice<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1057\/gpp.2014.12<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/gpp.2014.12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1057\/gpp.2014.12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-32\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-32-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-32-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-32-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThis paper re-examines the evidence in favour of the existence of underwriting cycles in property and casualty insurance and their economical significance. using a meta-analysis of published papers in the area of insurance economics, we show that the evidence supporting the existence of underwriting cycles is misleading. there is, in fact, little evidence in favour of insurance cycles with a linear autoregressive character. this means that any cyclicality in firm profitability in the property and casualty insurance industry is not predictable in a classical econometric framework. it follows that pricing in the property and casualty insurance industry is not incompatible with that of a competitive market.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Ellerby, Z., &amp; Tunney, R. J.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2019<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Probability matching on a simple simulated foraging task: The effects of reward persistence and accumulation on choice behavior<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Advances in Cognitive Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.5709\/acp-0261-2<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/acp-0261-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.5709\/acp-0261-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-33\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-33-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-33-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-33-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cOver a series of decisions between two or more probabilistically rewarded options, humans have a tendency to diversify their choices, even when this will lead to diminished overall reward. in the extreme case of probability matching, this tendency is expressed through allocation of choices in proportion to their likelihood of reward. research suggests that this behaviour is an instinctive response, driven by heuristics, and that it may be overruled through the application of sufficient deliberation and self-control. however, if this is the case, then how and why did this response become established? the present study explores the hypothesis that diversification of choices, and potentially probability matching, represents an overextension of a historically normative foraging strategy. this is done through examining choice behaviour on a simple simulated foraging task, designed to model the natural process of accumulation of unharvested resources over time. behaviour was then directly compared with that observed on a standard fixed probability task (cf. ellerby &amp; tunney, 2017). results indicated a convergence of choice patterns on the simulated foraging task, between participants who acted intuitively and those who took a more strategic approach. these findings are also compared with those of another similarly motivated study (schulze, van ravenzwaaij, &amp; newell, 2017).\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Choupina, A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Des yeux qui ne voient pas<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Sophia Journal<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.24840\/2183-8976_2019-0005_0001_08<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24840\/2183-8976_2019-0005_0001_08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.24840\/2183-8976_2019-0005_0001_08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-34\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-34-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-34-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-34-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cI must confess that \u2013 due to a broken foot \u2013 my enchantment with nature was somewhat faded. staring at these photographs became an almost cathartic experience, serenity washing over in a dream, renewing a passion for the universe that created architecture and that, in turn, is recreated by it. if the boa nova tea house were like saramago\u2019s stone raft, adrift in a vast ocean, then the serralves museum would be like one of ces\u00e1rio verde\u2019s bucolic poems, bathed in idyllic foliage. from the very first page, one discovers the building romantically dressed in seasonal vegetation, enveloped in a curtain of greenery, which drapes leaves as floating water lilies and droplets of rain. distant windows seem to emerge beyond the sumptuous filter, manipulating a type of picturesque nostalgia: the primitive longing for a garden of eden or the simple magic of a child playing outside. having planted an oak tree in serralves, this interpretation might be biased by my own boyish recollections or, perhaps, the landscape architect was just prone to episodes of refined apophenia. jo\u00e3o gomes da silva was invited by \u00e1lvaro siza to help mediate the relationship with jacques gr\u00e9ber\u2019s 1932 designs, supposedly inspired by the geometries of versailles. having planted an oak tree in serralves, this interpretation might be biased by my own boyish recollections or, perhaps, the landscape architect was just prone to episodes of refined apophenia. jo\u00e3o gomes da silva was invited by \u00e1lvaro siza to help mediate the relationship with jacques gr\u00e9ber\u2019s 1932 designs, supposedly inspired by the geometries of versailles. when siza\u2019s alhambra project was exhibited here, in 2017, i pointed out that gr\u00e9ber\u2019s octagons and waterlines were connected to granada \u2013 like those of luis barrag\u00e1n or louis kahn. in fact, all of serralves can be viewed as a modern-day alhambra and not because of its embellished gardens, protected by a stone wall, but because of its sequencing of spaces, of light and shade. [&#8230;] \u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Bell, V., Reddy, V., Halligan, P., Kirov, G., &amp; Ellis, H.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2007<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Relative suppression of magical thinking: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Cortex<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70249-1<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70249-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70249-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-35\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-35-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-35-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-35-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe tendency to perceive meaning in noise (apophenia) has been linked to \u2018magical thinking\u2019 (mt), a distinctive form of thinking associated with a range of normal cognitive styles, anomalous perceptual experiences and frank psychosis. important aspects of mt include the propensity to imbue meaning or causality to events that might otherwise be considered coincidental. structures in the lateral temporal lobes have been hypothesised to be involved in both the clinical and nonclinical aspects of mt. accordingly, in this study we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) to stimulate either the left or right lateral temporal areas, or the vertex, of 12 healthy participants (balanced for similar levels of mt, delusional ideation and temporal lobe disturbance) while they were required to indicate if they had \u2018detected\u2019 pictures, claimed to be present by the experimenters, in visual noise. relative to the vertex, tms inhibition of the left lateral temporal area produced significant reduced tendency to report meaningful information, suggesting that left lateral temporal activation may be more important in mt and therefore producing and supporting anomalous beliefs and experiences. the effect cannot simply be explained by tms induced cognitive slowing as reaction times were not affected.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Casane, D., Fumey, J., &amp; Laurenti, P.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2015<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">ENCODE apophenia or a panglossian analysis of the human genome<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Medecine\/Sciences<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1051\/medsci\/20153106023<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/medsci\/20153106023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1051\/medsci\/20153106023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-36\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-36-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-36-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-36-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201c\u00a9 2015 m\u00e9decine\/sciences &#8211; inserm. in september 2012, a batch of more than 30 articles presenting the results of the encode (encyclopaedia of dna elements) project was released. many of these articles appeared in nature and science, the two most prestigious interdisciplinary scientific journals. since that time, hundreds of other articles dedicated to the further analyses of the encode data have been published. the time of hundreds of scientists and hundreds of millions of dollars were not invested in vain since this project had led to an apparent paradigm shift: contrary to the classical view, 80% of the human genome is not junk dna, but is functional. this hypothesis has been criticized by evolutionary biologists, sometimes eagerly, and detailed refutations have been published in specialized journals with impact factors far below those that published the main contribution of the encode project to our understanding of genome architecture. in 2014, the encode consortium released a new batch of articles that neither suggested that 80% of the genome is functional nor commented on the disappearance of their 2012 scientific breakthrough. unfortunately, by that time many biologists had accepted the idea that 80% of the genome is functional, or at least, that this idea is a valid alternative to the long held evolutionary genetic view that it is not. in order to understand the dynamics of the genome, it is necessary to re-examine the basics of evolutionary genetics because, not only are they well established, they also will allow us to avoid the pitfall of a panglossian interpretation of encode. actually, the architecture of the genome and its dynamics are the product of trade-offs between various evolutionary forces, and many structural features are not related to functional properties. in other words, evolution does not produce the best of all worlds, not even the best of all possible worlds, but only one possible world.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Wieland, R., Mirschel, W., Zbell, B., Groth, K., Pechenick, A., &amp; Fukuda, K.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2010<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">A new library to combine artificial neural networks and support vector machines with statistics and a database engine for application in environmental modeling<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Environmental Modelling and Software<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.11.006<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.11.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.11.006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-37\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-37-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-37-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-37-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cSADATO (samt data tool) is an open source software library presenting new possibilities in modeling based on artificial neural networks and support vector machines. the main advantage of sadato is its central data management based on sqlite3 or mysql and the statistical functions inherited from the apophenia software. sadato can be used for modeling as well as in large simulations. modeling is demonstrated with two examples of artificial neural networks and support vector machines. the use of sadato in simulation is supported by its very high computation speed. the highly aggregated functions in sadato keep the software simple and easy to maintain. this allows the scientist experienced in software development easy access to all methods provided by sadato. additionally, an easy-to-use graphical user interface was developed to support scientists in developing models without any special knowledge in computer science. \u00a9 2009 elsevier ltd.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Castillo Ulloa, I.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2016<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">From Apophenia to Epiphany: Making Planning Theory-Research-Practice Co-constitutive<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">PlaNext &#8211; Next Generation Planning<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.24306\/plnxt.2016.03.002<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24306\/plnxt.2016.03.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.24306\/plnxt.2016.03.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Berkowitz, R.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2020<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">A Game Designer\u2019s Analysis of QAnon<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Medium<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-38\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-38-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-38-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-38-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cI am a game designer with experience in a very small niche. i create and research games designed to be played in reality. i\u2019ve worked in alternate reality games (args), larps, experience fiction, interactive theater, and \u2018serious games\u2019. stories and games that can start on a computer, and finish in the real world. fictions designed to feel as real as possible. games that teach you. puzzles that come to life all around the players. games where the deeper you dig, the more you find. games with rabbit holes that invite you into wonderland and entice you through the looking glass. when i saw qanon, i knew exactly what it was and what it was doing. i had seen it before. i had almost built it before. it was gaming\u2019s evil twin. a game that plays people. (cue ominous music) qanon has often been compared to args and larps and rightly so. it uses many of the same gaming mechanisms and rewards. it has a game-like feel to it that is evident to anyone who has ever played an arg, online role-play (rp) or larp before. the similarities are so striking that it has often been referred to as a larp or arg. however this beast is very very different from a game. it is the differences that shed the light on how qanon works and many of them are hard to see if you\u2019re not involved in game development. qanon is like the reflection of a game in a mirror, it looks just like one, but it is inverted. guided apophenia in one of the very first experience fictions (xf) i ever designed, the players had to explore a creepy basement looking for clues. the object they were looking for was barely hidden and the clue was easy. it was scooby doo easy. i definitely expected no trouble in this part of the game. but there was trouble. i didn\u2019t know it then, but its name was apophenia. image for post image for post \u00a9art jonak 2012 \u2014 coolest cloud ever! \u2014 cc by-nc 2.0 apophenia is : \u2018the tendency to perceive a connection or meaningful pattern between unrelated or random things (such as objects or ideas)\u2019 as the participants started searching for the hidden object, on the dirt floor, were little random scraps of wood. how could that be a problem!? it was a problem because three of the pieces made the shape of a perfect arrow pointing right at a blank wall. it was uncanny. it had to be a clue. the investigators stopped and stared at the wall and were determined to figure out what the clue meant and they were not going one step further until they did. the whole game was derailed. then, it got worse. \u2026\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Mishlove, J., &amp; Engen, B. C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2007<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Archetypal synchronistic resonance: A new theory of paranormal experience<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Journal of Humanistic Psychology<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177\/0022167806293006<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167806293006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1177\/0022167806293006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-39\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-39-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-39-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-39-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThis article proposes a new theory, archetypal synchronistic resonance (asr), to explain ostensible paranormal experiences that can be neither accepted as literally construed nor dismissed as mere artifact or error. drawing on ideas from jung, asr holds that ostensible paranormal experience is the result of archetypal-synchronistic functioning. to illustrate this theory, the authors analyze several mutual, emotionally potent, apparently synchronistic experiences involving the stoic philosopher and roman statesman seneca and the concept of reincarnation. the authors discuss phenomenological features of the theory\u2019s resonance component and bring to light nontrivial parallels between asr and maslow\u2019s account of peak-experience, between asr and otto\u2019s description of the numinous , and between asr and frankl\u2019s construal of super-meaning. the authors conclude with a discussion of a competing error-theory of the phenomenon, which holds that putative paranormal experiences are products of apophenia, the mistaken attribution of intent or meaning to events that in fact are meaningless or purely chance occurrences. \u00a9 2007 sage publications.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Simmonds-Moore, C.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2014<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Exploring the perceptual biases associated with believing and disbelieving in paranormal phenomena<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Consciousness and Cognition<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016\/j.concog.2014.06.004<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2014.06.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1016\/j.concog.2014.06.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-40\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-40-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-40-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-40-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cNinety-five participants (32 believers, 30 disbelievers and 33 neutral believers in the paranormal) participated in an experiment comprising one visual and one auditory block of trials. each block included one esp, two degraded stimuli and one random trial. each trial included 8 screens or epochs of \u2018random\u2019 noise. participants entered a guess if they perceived a stimulus or changed their mind about stimulus identity, rated guesses for confidence and made notes during each trial. believers and disbelievers did not differ in the number of guesses made, or in their ability to detect degraded stimuli. believers displayed a trend toward making faster guesses for some conditions and significantly higher confidence and more misidentifications concerning guesses than disbelievers. guesses, misidentifications and faster response latencies were generally more likely in the visual than auditory conditions. esp performance was no different from chance. esp performance did not differ between belief groups or sensory modalities. \u00a9 2014 elsevier inc.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">DUKOV, Y. V., &amp; EVALLYO, V. D.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">ARTS AND MACHINE CIVILIZATION INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">THE ART AND SCIENCE OF TELEVISION<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.30628\/1994-9529-2021-17.2-11-32<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30628\/1994-9529-2021-17.2-11-32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.30628\/1994-9529-2021-17.2-11-32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-41\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-41-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-41-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-41-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe text reviews the arts and machine civilization international scientific conference. the conference took place on march 30\u2014april 2, 2021, and was organized by the state institute for art studies, gitr film and television school, and the saint petersburg state university. sias has been hosting conferences on contemporary culture, screen art and television for 17 years. this year, for the first time in the history of such forums, the researchers were tasked with analyzing the new things that machines have brought to the arts and, in general, to human life. the conference took its special place among the forums held over the past year in russia and abroad in the following areas: artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence journey, moscow,russia); machine learning (international conferenceon machine learning, vienna, austria; 3rd international conference on machine learning and machine intelligence, hangzhou, china); civilization of knowledge (civilization of knowledge: russian realities, moscow, russia), etc. the novelty of the conference lies in the unification of the seemingly incompatible phenomena: art and machine civilization. as is commonly known, art was traditionally opposed to technology as something alien, sometimes hostile, although the both were born in human mind and created by human hands. until now, the expression \u2018machine civilization\u2019 in art has been used mainly in the genre of fantasy and with an emphasis on its negative connotations. the purpose of the conference was to comprehend the artistic practices in the era of machine civilization, get acquainted with current hypotheses, publish new facts and discuss modern terminologies (law of spontaneity, law of semantic uncertainty, algorithmic apophenia, post-opera, artificial life and new vitality). along with the study of new challenges, old issues were raised, which became in demand in the machine civilization: originals and copies of artworks, the boundaries of conventionality and overcoming distrust in new media, narratives and poetics in serious and entertaining screen genres. the conference reports were divided into six blocks: theoretical models, screenarts\u2014cinema, fine arts, music, pc games, and digitalization.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Palandri, A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2014<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Apophenia? Data Under-Mining the Volatility Leverage-Effect.<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">SSRN Electronic Journal<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.2139\/ssrn.2514364<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2514364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.2139\/ssrn.2514364\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-42\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-42-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-42-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-42-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cThe inverse relation between stock returns and their volatility, known as volatility leverage-effect (vle), is documented as a strikingly robust empirical regularity. this paper argues that existing explanations of the phenomenon either suffer from logical inconsistencies or have secondary implications that contradict empirical evidence. robustness of the empirical findings is re-examined by conducting a thorough investigation of vle in s&amp;p500 data. combining misspecification analysis with a novel approach to outlier detection reveals that the vle relation is indeed very fragile. implications range from the empirical validity of vle itself to its use as a moment condition for structural models. \u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Sultan, A. S., &amp; Jessri, M.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2021<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Pathology Is Always Around Us: Apophenia in Pathology, a Remarkable Unreported Phenomenon<\/span>. In Advances in Medical Biochemistry, Genomics, Physiology, and Pathology<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1201\/9781003180449-26<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003180449-26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1201\/9781003180449-26\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\">\n<div class=\"ref1\"><span class=\"refauthors\">Ferencz, \u00c1., Boll\u00f3, H., Hidegkuti, I., &amp; Szem\u00e1n-Nagy, A.<\/span>. (<span class=\"refyear\">2014<\/span>). <span class=\"reftitle\">Absorbed in creation: Psychotic and dissociative experiences in the creative process?<\/span>. <span class=\"refjournal\">Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"refnumericaldoi\">Plain numerical DOI: 10.1556\/MPSzle.69.2014.2.6<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiurl\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/MPSzle.69.2014.2.6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOI URL<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"refdoiscihub\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.ru\/10.1556\/MPSzle.69.2014.2.6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">directSciHub download<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"accordion-43\" class=\"accordion no-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 role=\"button\" id=\"accordion-43-t1\" class=\"accordion-title js-accordion-controller\" aria-controls=\"accordion-43-c1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\tShow\/hide publication abstract\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-43-c1\" class=\"accordion-content\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"refabstract\">\u201cBoth artists and psychiatric patients can be characterized by the exceptional aptitude that they perceive the world in a way which is different from usual. research on the connection between creativity and psychopathology is turning away from mental disorders as diagnostic categories towards cognitive and affective phenotypes. some traits which are also typical of psychiatric disorders &#8211; often in a more benign form and in case of the presence of other factors &#8211; play a fundamental role in the creative process, and thus can be adaptive. the aim of our work is to review the literature of the relation between creativity and psychopa-thology. after clarifying the basic concepts of creativity, we delineate the features of the creative personality. among the psychopathological bearings, we cover the relations to schizotypy and dissociative phenomena, particularly absorption in detail. finally, we draw up some general considerations regarding creativity research.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Apophenia (\/\u00e6po\u028a\u02c8fi\u02d0ni\u0259\/) is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. The term (German: Apoph\u00e4nie from the Greek verb \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (apopha\u00ednein)) was coined by psychiatrist Klaus Conrad in his 1958 publication on the beginning stages of schizophrenia. He defined it as &#8220;unmotivated seeing of connections [accompanied by] a specific feeling of abnormal meaningfulness&#8221;. He [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/501"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=501"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/501\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":654,"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/501\/revisions\/654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/conspiracy-theories.eu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}