Belief bias

Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion. A person is more likely to accept an argument that supports a conclusion that aligns with their values, beliefs and prior knowledge, while rejecting counter arguments to the conclusion. Belief bias is an extremely common and therefore significant form of error; we can easily be blinded by our beliefs and reach the wrong conclusion. Belief bias has been found to influence various reasoning tasks, including conditional reasoning, relation reasoning and transitive reasoning.

Calvillo, D. P., Swan, A. B., & Rutchick, A. M.. (2020). Ideological belief bias with political syllogisms. Thinking and Reasoning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2019.1688188
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Ding, D., Chen, Y., Lai, J., Chen, X., Han, M., & Zhang, X.. (2020). Belief Bias Effect in Older Adults: Roles of Working Memory and Need for Cognition. Frontiers in Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02940
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Banks, A. P.. (2013). The Influence of Activation Level on Belief Bias in Relational Reasoning. Cognitive Science

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12017
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Aspernäs, J., Erlandsson, A., & Nilsson, A.. (2022). Motivated formal reasoning: Ideological belief bias in syllogistic reasoning across diverse political issues. Thinking and Reasoning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2038268
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Trippas, D., Kellen, D., Singmann, H., Pennycook, G., Koehler, D. J., Fugelsang, J. A., & Dubé, C.. (2018). Characterizing belief bias in syllogistic reasoning: A hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis of ROC data. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1460-7
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Trippas, I., Handley, S. J., & Verde, M. F.. (2014). Fluency and belief bias in deductive reasoning: New indices for old effects. Frontiers in Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00631
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Vroling, M. S., & De Jong, P. J.. (2009). Deductive reasoning and social anxiety: Evidence for a fear-confirming belief bias. Cognitive Therapy and Research

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10608-008-9220-z
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Spaulding, S.. (2021). Beliefs and biases. Synthese

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11229-021-03129-0
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Macchi, L., Poli, F., Caravona, L., Vezzoli, M., Franchella, M. A. G., & Bagassi, M.. (2019). How to get rid of the belief bias: Boosting analytical thinking via pragmatics. Europe’s Journal of Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v15i3.1794
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González, A. V., Rogers, A., & Søgaard, A.. (2021). On the Interaction of Belief Bias and Explanations. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021

Plain numerical DOI: 10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.259
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Trippas, D., Pennycook, G., Verde, M. F., & Handley, S. J.. (2015). Better but still biased: Analytic cognitive style and belief bias. Thinking and Reasoning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2015.1016450
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Stephens, R. G., Dunn, J. C., & Hayes, B. K.. (2019). Belief bias is response bias: Evidence from a two-step signal detection model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000587
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Dube, C., Rotello, C. M., & Heit, E.. (2010). Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: It’s a response bias effect. Psychological Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/a0019634
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Schubert, A. L., Ferreira, M. B., Mata, A., & Riemenschneider, B.. (2021). A diffusion model analysis of belief bias: Different cognitive mechanisms explain how cognitive abilities and thinking styles contribute to conflict resolution in reasoning. Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104629
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Trippas, D., Verde, M. F., & Handley, S. J.. (2014). Using forced choice to test belief bias in syllogistic reasoning. Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.009
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Anandakumar, T., Connaughton, E., Coltheart, M., & Langdon, R.. (2017). Belief-bias reasoning in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.016
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Thompson, V., & Evans, J. S. B. T.. (2012). Belief bias in informal reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2012.670752
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Brisson, J., de Chantal, P. L., Forgues, H. L., & Markovits, H.. (2014). Belief bias is stronger when reasoning is more difficult. Thinking and Reasoning

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2013.875942
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Newman, I. R., Gibb, M., & Thompson, V. A.. (2017). Rule-based reasoning is fast and belief-based reasoning can be slow: Challenging current explanations of belief-bias and base-rate neglect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000372
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Anandakumar, T., Connaughton, E., Coltheart, M., & Langdon, R.. (2017). Belief-bias reasoning in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.02.005
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Tsujii, T., Masuda, S., Akiyama, T., & Watanabe, S.. (2010). The role of inferior frontal cortex in belief-bias reasoning: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.021
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Anderson, R. B., Leventhal, L. M., Zhang, D. C., Fasko, D., Basehore, Z., Gamsby, C., … Patrick, T.. (2019). Belief bias and representation in assessing the bayesian rationality of others. Judgment and Decision Making

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