Golec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M.. (2018). Collective narcissism and the growth of conspiracy thinking over the course of the 2016 United States presidential election: A longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2496
DOI URL
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“Using data from a longitudinal study of american adults collected between july and november 2016, we examine the hypothesis that american collective narcissism (cn) would uniquely predict increases in conspiracy thinking during the 2016 presidential campaign. going beyond previous findings, our results indicate that cn (but not in-group identification) predicted growth in general conspiracy thinking—that is, a tendency to view political events in terms of group-based conspiracies—over the course of the 2016 us presidential campaign. this relationship is found even after accounting for other predictors such as demographics, political knowledge, social trust, authoritarianism, and need for cognitive closure.
References
Abalakina-Paap M., Stephan W., Craig T. & Gregory W.(1999). Beliefs in Conspiracies. Political
Psychology 20, 637–47.
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other “authoritarian personality”. Advances in Experimental Social
Psychology, 30. 47-92.
Baguley, T. (2009). Standardized or simple effect size: What should be reported? British Journal of
Psychology, 100, 603–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712608X377117
Berinsky, A. J. (2012). Rumors, truths, and reality: A study of political misinformation.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.http://web.mit.edu/berinsky/www/files/rumor.pdf.
Berinsky, A. (2015). Rumors and health care reform: experiments in political misinformation. British
Journal of Political Science, 47, 241-262
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Brotherton, R., French, C., Pickering, A. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The
Generic Conspiracist Beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 279
Cai, H., & Gries, P. (2013). National narcissism: Internal dimensions and international correlates.
PsyCh Journal, 2, 122-132.
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective
narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27, 283-317.
doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530
Cichocka, A., Golec de Zavala, A., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M.
(2017). Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non-narcissistic in-group
positivity. Journal of Personality. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12328
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2015). Does self-love or self-hate predict
conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem and the endorsement of conspiracy
theories. Social Psychological And Personality Science. doi:10.1177/1948550615616170
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016). “They will not
control us”: In-group positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of
Psychology, 107, 556–576. doi:10.1111/bjop.12158
Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Douglas, K., Sutton, R., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 538 – 542. doi:10.1177/0963721417718261
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance
orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to
outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 684-696.
Federico, C. M. & Golec de Zavala, A. (2018). Collective narcissism and the 2016 United States
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
presidential vote. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82, 110–121. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfx048
Finkel, S. E. (1995). Causal analysis with panel data. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology 15, 731–742 doi:
10.2307/3791630
Golec de Zavala, A. (2018, in press). Collective narcissism: antecedents and consequences of
exaggeration of the in-group image. In Hermann, A., Brunell, A.,& Foster., J. (Eds.) The
Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer
Golec de Zavala, A., & Cichocka, A. K (2012). Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland.
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(2), 213-229. doi: 10.1177/1368430211420891
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). The paradox of in‐group love:
Differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between
in‐group and out‐group attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 16-28.
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism
and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1074-1096. doi:
10.1037/a0016904
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the
effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 104, 1019-1039. doi: 10.1037/a0032215
Golec de Zavala, A., Pekker, M., Guerra, R., & Baran, T. (2016). Collective narcissism predicts
hypersensitivity to in‐group insult and direct and indirect retaliatory intergroup
hostility. European Journal of Personality. doi: 10.1002/per.2067
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged
panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102-116. doi: 10.1037/a0038889
Imhoff, R. & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (Un-)truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28, 25–43
Jaśko, K., Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A., (2017) Relative effects of individual and group-based quest
for significance on violent extremism depends on the social context. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of European Association of Social Psychology, Granada, Spain
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M. & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and
elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307-333.
Kofta, M., & Sędek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in
Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40-64.
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes.
Political Psychology, 10, 257-274.
Lyons, P. A., Coursey, L. E., & Kenworthy, J. B. (2013). National identity and group narcissism as
predictors of intergroup attitudes toward undocumented Latino immigrants in the United
States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35, 323-335. doi: 10.1177/0739986313488090
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., & Kossowska, M. (2017). Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive
closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs. European Journal Of Social Psychology.
doi:10.1002/ejsp.2308
McArdle, J. J. (2009). Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data.
Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 577–605.
Miller, J., Saunders, K., & Farhart, C. (2016). Conspiracy endorsement as motivated reasoning: The
moderating roles of political knowledge and trust. American Journal of Political Science, 60, 824–
844.
Musgrave, D. (2017). Donald Trump is normalizing paranoia and conspiracy thinking in the U.S.
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
politics. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/01/12/donald-
trump-has-brought-us-the-american-style-in-paranoid-politics/?utm_term=.816bed176139.
Retrived 18/07/2017
Müller, J. W. (2016). What Is Populism?. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Pierro, A. & Kruglanski, A. W. (2006). Validation of a revised need for cognitive closure scale. Unpublished
data, Universita di Roma, “La Sapienza”.
Reicher, S. & Haslam, A. (2017). The politics of hope: Donald Trump as an Entrepreneur of
Identity. In. M. Fitzduf (Ed.) Why Irrational Politics Appeals: Understanding the Allure of Trump
(pp. 25-40). ABC-CLIO/Praeger
Samuelsohn, D. (2016). A guide to Donald Trump’s ‘rigged’ election.
http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/donald-trump-rigged-election-guide-230302.
Retrived on 18/07/2017.
Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., & Lavine, H. (1999). On the varieties of national attachment: Blind versus
constructive patriotism. Political Psychology, 20, 151-174.
Stenner, K. 2005. The authoritarian Dynamic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swami, V., & Coles, R. (2010). The truth is out there: Belief in conspiracy theories. The Psychologist,
23, 560-563.
Swami V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: the case of the Jewish
conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 280. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
Uscinski, J., Klofstad, C. & Atkinson, M. (2016). What Drives Conspiracy Beliefs? The Role of
Informational Cues and Predispositions. Political Research Quarterly, 69, 55-71
Uscinski, J., & Parent, J. (2014). American conspiracy theories. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Prooijen, J. W., & van Lange, P. A. (2014). The social dimension of belief in conspiracy
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
theories. In van Prooijen J.-W.&van Lange P. A. M. (Eds.), Power, politics, and paranoia. Why
people are suspicious of their leaders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press”
References
Abalakina-Paap M., Stephan W., Craig T. & Gregory W.(1999). Beliefs in Conspiracies. Political
Psychology 20, 637–47.
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other “authoritarian personality”. Advances in Experimental Social
Psychology, 30. 47-92.
Baguley, T. (2009). Standardized or simple effect size: What should be reported? British Journal of
Psychology, 100, 603–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000712608X377117
Berinsky, A. J. (2012). Rumors, truths, and reality: A study of political misinformation.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.http://web.mit.edu/berinsky/www/files/rumor.pdf.
Berinsky, A. (2015). Rumors and health care reform: experiments in political misinformation. British
Journal of Political Science, 47, 241-262
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Brotherton, R., French, C., Pickering, A. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The
Generic Conspiracist Beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 279
Cai, H., & Gries, P. (2013). National narcissism: Internal dimensions and international correlates.
PsyCh Journal, 2, 122-132.
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure in-group positivity: The role of collective
narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27, 283-317.
doi:10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530
Cichocka, A., Golec de Zavala, A., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M.
(2017). Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non-narcissistic in-group
positivity. Journal of Personality. DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12328
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & Golec de Zavala, A. (2015). Does self-love or self-hate predict
conspiracy beliefs? Narcissism, self-esteem and the endorsement of conspiracy
theories. Social Psychological And Personality Science. doi:10.1177/1948550615616170
Cichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., Golec de Zavala, A., & Olechowski, M. (2016). “They will not
control us”: In-group positivity and belief in intergroup conspiracies. British Journal of
Psychology, 107, 556–576. doi:10.1111/bjop.12158
Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Douglas, K., Sutton, R., & Cichocka, A. (2017). The psychology of conspiracy theories. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 538 – 542. doi:10.1177/0963721417718261
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance
orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to
outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 684-696.
Federico, C. M. & Golec de Zavala, A. (2018). Collective narcissism and the 2016 United States
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
presidential vote. Public Opinion Quarterly, 82, 110–121. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfx048
Finkel, S. E. (1995). Causal analysis with panel data. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology 15, 731–742 doi:
10.2307/3791630
Golec de Zavala, A. (2018, in press). Collective narcissism: antecedents and consequences of
exaggeration of the in-group image. In Hermann, A., Brunell, A.,& Foster., J. (Eds.) The
Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer
Golec de Zavala, A., & Cichocka, A. K (2012). Collective narcissism and anti-Semitism in Poland.
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(2), 213-229. doi: 10.1177/1368430211420891
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013). The paradox of in‐group love:
Differentiating collective narcissism advances understanding of the relationship between
in‐group and out‐group attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(1), 16-28.
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism
and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 1074-1096. doi:
10.1037/a0016904
Golec de Zavala, A., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the
effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 104, 1019-1039. doi: 10.1037/a0032215
Golec de Zavala, A., Pekker, M., Guerra, R., & Baran, T. (2016). Collective narcissism predicts
hypersensitivity to in‐group insult and direct and indirect retaliatory intergroup
hostility. European Journal of Personality. doi: 10.1002/per.2067
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015). A critique of the cross-lagged
panel model. Psychological Methods, 20(1), 102-116. doi: 10.1037/a0038889
Imhoff, R. & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (Un-)truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28, 25–43
Jaśko, K., Webber, D., & Kruglanski, A., (2017) Relative effects of individual and group-based quest
for significance on violent extremism depends on the social context. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of European Association of Social Psychology, Granada, Spain
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M. & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and
elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307-333.
Kofta, M., & Sędek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in
Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40-64.
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes.
Political Psychology, 10, 257-274.
Lyons, P. A., Coursey, L. E., & Kenworthy, J. B. (2013). National identity and group narcissism as
predictors of intergroup attitudes toward undocumented Latino immigrants in the United
States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35, 323-335. doi: 10.1177/0739986313488090
Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., & Kossowska, M. (2017). Addicted to answers: Need for cognitive
closure and the endorsement of conspiracy beliefs. European Journal Of Social Psychology.
doi:10.1002/ejsp.2308
McArdle, J. J. (2009). Latent variable modeling of differences and changes with longitudinal data.
Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 577–605.
Miller, J., Saunders, K., & Farhart, C. (2016). Conspiracy endorsement as motivated reasoning: The
moderating roles of political knowledge and trust. American Journal of Political Science, 60, 824–
844.
Musgrave, D. (2017). Donald Trump is normalizing paranoia and conspiracy thinking in the U.S.
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
politics. https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/01/12/donald-
trump-has-brought-us-the-american-style-in-paranoid-politics/?utm_term=.816bed176139.
Retrived 18/07/2017
Müller, J. W. (2016). What Is Populism?. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Pierro, A. & Kruglanski, A. W. (2006). Validation of a revised need for cognitive closure scale. Unpublished
data, Universita di Roma, “La Sapienza”.
Reicher, S. & Haslam, A. (2017). The politics of hope: Donald Trump as an Entrepreneur of
Identity. In. M. Fitzduf (Ed.) Why Irrational Politics Appeals: Understanding the Allure of Trump
(pp. 25-40). ABC-CLIO/Praeger
Samuelsohn, D. (2016). A guide to Donald Trump’s ‘rigged’ election.
http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/donald-trump-rigged-election-guide-230302.
Retrived on 18/07/2017.
Schatz, R. T., Staub, E., & Lavine, H. (1999). On the varieties of national attachment: Blind versus
constructive patriotism. Political Psychology, 20, 151-174.
Stenner, K. 2005. The authoritarian Dynamic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swami, V., & Coles, R. (2010). The truth is out there: Belief in conspiracy theories. The Psychologist,
23, 560-563.
Swami V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: the case of the Jewish
conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 280. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
Uscinski, J., Klofstad, C. & Atkinson, M. (2016). What Drives Conspiracy Beliefs? The Role of
Informational Cues and Predispositions. Political Research Quarterly, 69, 55-71
Uscinski, J., & Parent, J. (2014). American conspiracy theories. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Prooijen, J. W., & van Lange, P. A. (2014). The social dimension of belief in conspiracy
Accepted Article
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
theories. In van Prooijen J.-W.&van Lange P. A. M. (Eds.), Power, politics, and paranoia. Why
people are suspicious of their leaders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press”